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Research
References
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Athletic
Performance |Anti-Inflammatory | General Information
| Growth Factors | Immune
Factors | Intestinal Permeability | Lactoferrin | PRP
Antonio J, (1998) Can Bovine Colostrum Enhance Levels of IGF-1? Muscle & Fitness. Studies indicate that bovine colostrum supplementation can increase levels of IGF-1.
Antonio, J, Sanders, M and Van Gammeren, D (2001) The Effects of Bovine
Colostrum Supplementation on Body Composition and Exercise Performance
in Active Men and Women. Nutrition 17(3):243-247, 2001. Supplementation with bovine colostrum (20 g/day) in combination with exercise training may increase bone-free lean body mass in active men and women. Study participants taking colostrum for eight weeks experienced a significant increase in lean body mass.
PubMed
Reference
PMID:
11312068
Bak JF, Moller N, Schmitz O. (1991) Effects of growth hormone on fuel utilization and muscle glycogen synthase activity in normal humans. American Journal of Physiology 260(5 pt 1):E736-E742. Growth hormone increases energy expenditures and inhibits glucose oxidation in favor of increased lipid (fat) oxidation. GH also inhibits insulin-mediated activation of the glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle biopsies.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
1903598
Berk LS, Nieman DC,
Youngberg WS, Arabatzis K, Simpson-Westerberg M, Lee JW, Tan SA, Eby WC. (1989) The effect of long endurance running on
natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports
and Exercise. 22(2):207-212. Natural killer cells are lymphocytes which are specialized to seek out and kill foreign cells or infected host cells in a nonspecific manner. They are important in both immunity and the body’s ability to eliminate cancerous cells before they become dangerous. Studies were done on ten experienced marathon runners to see the effects of exercise on natural killer cell activity. Natural killer cells were identified by means of surface markers characteristic of these cells. Following three hours of exercise, natural killer cell activity was found to be markedly decreased at 1.5 and 6 hours post-exercise (as compared to pre-exercise levels), but at 21 hours the levels had returned to the pre-exercise levels. This could indicate an increased susceptibility to infection following strenuous exercise.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
90286868
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Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD, Slavotinek JP, Kurmis AP. (2004) Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young men. European Journal or Applied Physiology 91(1):53-60. The tissue composition of resistance-trained limbs experienced a significantly greater increase in circumference and cross-sectional area in subjects taking colostrum (60 g/day for 8 weeks) than those taking whey protein.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
14504943
Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD. (2004) Concentrated bovine colostrum supplementation reduces the incidence of self-reported symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adult males. European Journal of Nutrition 42(4):228-32. This study provides preliminary evidence that concentrated bovine colostrum protein may enhance resistance to the development of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URI).
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12923655
Buckley JD, Abbott MJ, Brinkworth GD, Whyte PB. (2002) Bovine colostrum supplementation during endurance running training improves recovery, but not performance. Journal of Science, Medicine and Sport 5(2):65-79.
Supplementation with colostrum did not increase plasma IGF-1 levels or improve performance during an initial bout of running. However, performance during a second bout of exercise may be improved by as much as 5.2% in the average subject after 8 weeks of colostrum supplementation, possibly due to an enhancement of recovery.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12188088
Buckley JD, Brinkworth GD, Abbott MJ. (2003) Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-like growth factor I. Journal of Sports Science 21(7):57-88. Bovine colostrum supplementation during training significantly increased peak anaerobic power, but had no significant effect on alactic anaerobic work capacity, 1RM or plasma IGF-1.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12848392
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Buckley JD, Abbott M, Martin S, Brinkworth G, Whyte P. Effect of An Oral Bovine
Colostrum Supplement on Running Performance. 1998 Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Adelaide, South Australia. Double-blind, placebo controlled study to determine effect of supplementation with a low fat, low lactose, concentrated bovine colostrum powder on plasma IgF-1 concentrations and endurance running performance. Supplementation with bovine colostrum improves the ability to perform a second bout of maximal exercise following a relatively short period of recovery from a prior bout of maximal exercise.
Buckley, JD, et al. (2000) Bovine colostrum supplementation during training increases vertical jump performance. 2000 Pre-Olympic Congress, Sports Medicine and Physical Education, International Congress on Sport Science, Brisbane, Australia. In a randomized, double-blind placebo study, 51 active males received 8 weeks of training while consuming 60 grams/day of colostrum (experimental group) or 60 grams/day of whey protein powder (control group). IGF-1 levels in both groups remained unchanged from baseline, but vertical jump performance in the experimental increased 3.0 ±0.6 cm and only 1.3 ±0.7 cm in the control group.
http://www.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2000/preoly/abs274a.htm
Burke ER. Colostrum as an Athletic Enhancer and Help for AIDS. Nutrition Science News, May, 1996. A review article which discusses the role of colostrum in athletics as well as its benefits for AIDS patients. With regard to athletics, the article focuses on the roles of growth hormones, specifically insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), as well as epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), in relation to muscle development in athletes. It also discusses colostrum’s effect on leaky gut syndrome, a common problem in the general population, but of particular concern to athletes who perform at their best when they can utilize all the nutrients they take in. It is hypothesized that “sealing” the leaky gut would increase energy levels and smooth out performance, especially for those athletes who experience irritable bowel syndrome as a result of incomplete digestion due to protein supplementation.
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Clark J.F. (1997) Creatine and Phosphocreatine: A Review of Their Use in Exercise and Sport. Journal of Athletic Training 32(1):45-51. Creatine and phosphocreatine are important compounds in the normal energy metabolism of muscle. Supplementation with creatine or phosphocreatine can enhance anaerobic exercise performance in athletes.
PubMed Reference
PMID: 16558432
Coombs JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, Marshall PA. (2002) Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34(7):1184-8. Oral bovine colostrum supplementation at 20 grams or 60 grams per day provided an improvement in time trial performance in cyclists after a 2 hour ride at 65% VO2 max. Improvements in performance times were: 37 seconds faster for placebo group, 158 seconds faster for 60 g/d colostrum group and 134 seconds faster for 60 g/d colostrum group.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12131260
Crooks CV, Wall CR, Cross ML, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ. (2006) The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on salivary IgA in distance runners. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16(1):47-64. Secretory Immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) is a possible indicator of upper respiratory infection (URI) status. 35 runners, both male and female, aged 35-58 years, received either bovine colostrum or placebo supplementation for 12 weeks. Saliva samples were taken prior to training, monthly during supplementation, and 2 weeks post-supplementation. Median levels of s-IgA increased 79% in the colostrum group after the 12 weeks of supplementation.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
16676703
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Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, Verstappen PA. (2002) The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12(4):461-469. A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study on the effects of colostrum supplementation compared to milk whey on body composition and exercise performance of 17 female and 18 male elite field hockey players. Results showed a significant increase in sprint test performance while vertical jump performance, body composition and endurance tests were similar in both experimental and test groups.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12500989
Kersick CM, Rasmussen C, Lancaster S, Starks M, Smith P, Melton C, Greenwood M, Almada A, Kreider R. (2007) Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training. Nutrition 23(9):647-56. Various combinations of colostrum (Col), a casein/whey protein control (Pro), and creatine (Cr) were given to 49 resistance-trained subjects for 12 weeks. Supplements provided 60 grams per day of Pro or Col. Subjects were weighed, had body composition determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and did one repetition maximum on bench press, leg press and 30 second anaerobic sprint capacity tests. Resistance training increased one repetition maximum, and muscle endurance and sprint capacity increased equally for all groups. Subjects receiving Pro/Col, Pro/Cr, and Col/Cr showed greater gains in body mass and DXA total scanned mass compared to Pro alone. Those receiving Pro/Cr and Col/Cr had greater increases in fat-free mass during training in comparison to Pro/Col.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
17679046
Kuipers H, van Breda E, Verlaan G, Smeets R. (2002) Effects of oral bovine colostrum supplementation on serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels. Nutrition 18(7-8):566-7. Daily supplementation with 60 grams of bovine colostrum for 4 weeks does not change blood IGF-I level and does not elicit positive results on drug tests.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12093430
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Leppäluoto, A, et al. (2000) Bovine colostrum supplementation enhances physical performance on maximal exercise tests. 2000 Pre-Olympic Congress Sports Medicine and Physical Education, International Congress on Sport Science, Brisbane, Australia. The effect of colostrum supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake and flight times in jump tests was studied in 10 young athletes in a double-blind placebo study. After 12 days, oxygen uptake in the placebo group declined 7% while remaining steady in the colostrum group. Flight times declined for the placebo group in the counter movement and squat jumps while remaining the same or only slightly less for the colostrum group. The results indicate that colostrum supplementation improves running and jumping performance in young athletes.
http://www.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2000/preoly/abs273b.htm
Liang L, Ding YQ. (2000) [Effect of cytokines on repair of tendon injury.] Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi (Chinese) 14(5):283-5. Cytokines possibly can accelerate tendon repair and show great potentials in future clinical application.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12516476
Lycholat, T. (2003) Dairy colostrum: the new creatine? FitPro Magazine, August/September, 2003. www.fitpro.com Despite limited research on the benefits of colostrum supplementation, enough evidence has been produced by various independent laboratories to support the hypothesis that colostrum can promote small but significant and lasting improvement in work capacity and faster recovery as well as the ability to increase non-fat body mass coupled with the lack of doping results make colostrum a very attractive choice for the serious athlete.
Mero A, Miikkulainen H, Riski J, Pakkanen R, Aalto J, Takala T. (1997) Effects of bovine
colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA
during training. Journal of Applied Physiology 83(4):1144-51. Bovine colostrum supplement may increase serum IGF-1 concentration in athletes during strength and speed training.
PubMed Reference
PMID: 97479511
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Mero A, Kahkonen J, Nykanen T, Parviainen T, Jokinen I, Takala T, Nikula T, Rasi S, Leppaluoto J. (2002) IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(2):732-9. Significant increases were noticed in serum IGF-1 and saliva IgA after bovine colostrum supplementation (20 g daily) during a 2 week training period.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12133885
Mero A, Nykanen T, Keinanen O, Knuutinen J, Lahti K, Alen M, Rasi S, Leppaluoto J. (2005) Protein metabolism and strength performance after bovine colostrum supplementation. Amino Acids 28(3):327-35. The study was designed to determine the response of muscle protein, serum amino acids and strength performance to supplementation with bovine colostrum. A rest group and an exercise group were further broken down into experimental and control subjects. Experimental groups received 20 grams of colostrum per day for two weeks, while the control groups received 20 grams of maltodextrin per day as a placebo. In the exercise experimental group, serum amino acid levels increased as did muscle protein synthesis and breakdown (compared to placebo), but no difference in strength performance, indicating that while colostrum supplementation did not lead to greater strength performance, it did promote recovery after exercise.
PubMed Reference
PMID:15789141
Molloy T, Wang Y, Murrell G. (2003) The roles of growth factors in tendon and ligament healing. Sports Medicine 33(5):381-94. Growth factors represent one of the most important of the molecular families involved in healing, and this review elucidates their many functions. This review covers IGF-1, TGF-b, VEGF, PDGF and FGF.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12696985
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Nieman DC, Berk LS, Simpson-Westerberg M, Arabatzis K, Youngberg S, Tan SA, Lee JW, Eby WC. (1989) Effects of long-endurance running on immune system parameters and lymphocyte function in experienced marathoners. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(5):317-23. Marathon runners showed significant changes in white blood cell counts after a 3 hour run, but most returned to normal levels after 21 hours (post-exercise).
PubMed Reference
PMID:
2599719
Sato K, Li Y, Foster W, Fukushima K, Badlani N, Adachi N, Usas A, Fu FH, Huard J. (2003) Improvement of muscle healing through enhancement of muscle regeneration and prevention of fibrosis. Muscle Nerve 28(3):365-72. Skeletal muscle is able to repair itself through regeneration. However, an injured muscle often does not fully recover its strength because the process is hindered. IGF-1 can improve muscle healing and regeneration.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
12929198
Schwade, S. (1992) Insulin-like growth factors. Muscle & Fitness. This potent growth stimulant found in mother’s milk may help big boys grow bigger. Human muscle cells have a high affinity for IGF-1.
Shawn, D. (1992, Aug). Ironman. Article on positive effects of growth factors in bovine colostrum with weight lifting and athletic endurance.
Shing CM, Jenkins DG, Stevenson L, Coombes JS. (2006) The influence of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in highly trained cyclists. British Journal of Sports Medicine 40(9):797-801. 29 highly trained male road cyclists underwent preliminary testing for 7 days, including a VO(2max) test to determine ventilation threshold, a time to fatigue test at 110% of ventilation threshold, and a 40 km time trial. The group was then divided into an experimental group which received 10 grams of bovine colostrum protein concentrate (CPC) per day and a placebo group which received 10 grams of whey protein concentrate per day. Both groups resumed their normal training regimen for 5 weeks. They were then retested and underwent 5 days of high intensity training and again retested. The effect of CPC supplementation during normal training showed no significant difference compared to placebo, but after the period of high intensity training there was a significant increase in all performance measurements, time trial performance, time trial intensity (% VO(2 max)), and heart rate during the time trial. CPC supplementation also prevented a decrease in ventilatory threshold during the high intensity training period.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
16825268
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Shing CM, Peake J, Suzuki K, Okutsu M, Pereira R, Stevenson L, Jenkins DG, Coombes JS. (2007). Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on immune variables in highly trained cyclists. Journal of Applied Physiology 102(3):1113-22. 29 highly trained road cyclists completed a 40 km time trial and then were separated in experimental and placebo test groups. The experimental group was given 10 grams of bovine colostrum protein concentrate (CPC) per day, and the placebo group received 10 grams of whey protein concentrate per day. After 5 weeks of supplementation, the riders were retested on the 40 km course. Then they received 5 days of high intensity training and completed a final 40 km time trial. Blood samples were collected before and after each time trial and tested for various immune variables. Upper respiratory illness (URI) symptoms were recorded over the entire experimental period. Compared to the placebo group, the experimental group which received the CPC significantly increased pre-exercise tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1. Supplementation with CPC also significantly suppressed the decrease in cytotoxic/suppressor T cells commonly seen in athletes post-exercise. Those in the experimental group also demonstrated a trend towards a reduced incidence of URI symptoms. In summary, CPC supplementation modulates immune parameters during normal training and after an acute period of intense exercise, which may contribute to lower URI incidence.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
17095643
Smeets R, et al. (2000) Oral supplementation with bovine colostrum improves sprint performance in elite field hockey players. Presented at 23rd NSCA National Conference and Exhibition, Orlando. After 8 weeks of colostrum supplementation, elite field hockey players improved significantly in the 5 x 10 metres sprint compared to the whey group.
Sparling PB, Nieman DC, O'Connor PJ. (1993)
Selected scientific aspects of marathon racing : an update on fluid
replacement, immune function, psychological factors and the gender
difference. Sports Medicine. 15(2):116-32. A review article examining four aspects of marathon racing: fluid replacement, immune function, psychological factors and gender difference. Of interest is data which indicate that marathon runners have increased susceptibility to infectious disease following training and races. This susceptibility can be reduced through proper nutrition, adequate sleep, sufficient recovery between workouts, and avoidance of exposure to sick people during periods of heavy training and competition. Colostrum supplementation decreases recovery time as well as increases immune functioning, thus reducing this susceptibility for marathon runners and other athletes involved in strenuous exercise.
PubMed Reference
PMID:
93189945
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Anti-Inflammatory
Goldman AS, Goldblum RM, Hanson LA. Anti-inflammatory properties in human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). The major anti-inflammatory components found in human milk (and bovine colostrum) include anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and a number of antioxidants, including cysteine, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene.
PubMed Reference
PMID:2181825
Hanson LA, Mattsby-Baltzer I, Engberg I, Roseanu A, Elverfors J, Motas C. (1995) Anti-inflammatory capacities of human milk: lactoferrin and secretory IgA inhibit endotoxin-induced cytokine release. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 371A:669-672. Lactoferrin and sIgA [both found in colostrum] inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines.
PubMed Reference
PMID:8526014
Hayashida K, Kaneko T, Takeuchi T, Shimizu H, Ando K, Harada E. (2004) Oral administration of lactoferrin inhibits inflammation and nociception in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66(2):149-152. Bovine lactoferrin inibited the development of arthritis in a rat experimental system by suppressing TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory cytokine) and increasing IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine) production.
PubMed Reference
PMID:15031542
Murphey DK, Buescher ES. (1993) Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212. In an experimental system in rats, colostrum demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect on wounds by decreasing the numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (white blood cells) in the wound area.
PubMed Reference
PMID:8233726
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Ahmed, L, Islam, SN, Khan, MN, Huque, S, Ahsan, M. (2004) Antioxidant micronutrient profile (vitamin E, C, A, copper, zinc, iron) of colostrum: association with maternal characteristics. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 50(6):357-8. Maternal characteristics had no influence on the profile of nutrient profile of antioxidants in colostrum.
PubMed Reference
PMID:15537722
Blum J, Hadorn U, Sallmann H, and Schuep W.
(1997) Delaying colostrum intake by one day impairs plasma lipid,
essential fatty acid, carotene, retinol and a-tocopherol status in
neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 127(10):2024-29. When colostrum feeding is delayed one day for newborn calves, levels of essential fatty acids and other lipids were much lower than in calves which received colostrum normally.
PubMed Reference
PMID:9311960
Davis, PF, Greenhill, NS, Rowan, AM, Schollum, LM. (2007) The safety of New Zealand bovine colostrum: nutritional and physiological evaluation in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45(2):229-36. Bovine colostrum supplemented at 3% and 10% of normal rat chow produced no observable toxicological or histopathological abnormalities.
PubMed Reference
PMID:17046134
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da Camara CC, Dowless GV. (1998) Glucosamine sulfate for osteoarthritis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 32(5):580-587.
PubMed Reference
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Diehl HW, May EL. (1994) Cetyl myristoleate isolated from Swiss albino mice: an apparent protective agent against adjuvant arthritis in rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 83(3):296-299
PubMed Reference
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Efigenia M, Povoa B, Moraes-Santos T. (1997)
Effect of heat treatment on the nutritional quality of milk proteins. International
Dairy Journal 7:609-612. Heating milk, including pasteurization and boiling, does not significantly affect the biological value of milk proteins.
FitzGerald RJ, Murray BA, Walsh DJ. (2004) Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins. Journal of Nutrition 134(4):980S-988S. Casokinins and lactokinins from milk and colostrum are potent ACE inhibitory peptides. Several human studies have associated these milk protein-derived peptides with statistically significant hypotensive effects (i.e., lower systolic and diastolic pressures).
PubMed Reference
PMID:15051858
Jochims K, Kaup FJ,
Drommer W. (1994) Immunoelectron microscopical demonstration of the
absorption of colostral IgG by small intestinal enterocytes in newborn
rats. Research in Veterinary Science. 57(1):146-51. Gold-labeled IgG moleculues attached to the walls of coated vesicles, suggesting a receptor-mediated transport of colostral IgG in the first portion of the small intestine, while micro-pinocytotic transport prevailed further along in the small intestine.
PubMed Reference
PMID:7817002
Joseph M, Flesch A. (1998) Research shows colostrum to be one of nature's most potent, broad-spectrum substances. Chiropractic Journal.
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Kelly GS. (2003) Bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses. Alternative Medical Review 8(4):378-394. Bovine colostrum has higher amounts of immunoglobulins, growth factors, cytokines and nucleosides than mature milk. It is also rich in oligosaccharides, antimicrobials, and immune-regulating factors. Research indicates that colostrum can have a beneficial effect on improving body composition, athletic performance, diarrhea (particularly in people with immune deficiency), gastrointestinal disturbances, and infectious diseases.
PubMed Reference
PMID:14653766
Klagsbrun M. (1978) Human milk stimulates DNA
synthesis and cellular proliferation in cultured fibroblasts. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 75(10):5057-61. Human milk contains a mitogenic substances that stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in mouse and human fibroblasts (connective tissue cells). This activity is destroyed by digestive enzymes (trypsin and chymotrypsin) but not chemicals such as urea or very low pH (1).
PubMed Reference
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Korhonen H, Pihlanto A. (2007) Technological options for the production of health-promoting proteins and peptides derived from milk and colostrum. Current Pharmaceutical Design 13(8):829-43. Review of current and potential applications of colostrum and milk proteins for human nutrition and promotion of human health.
PubMed Reference
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Kume S, Tanabe S.
(1993) Effect of parity on colostral mineral concentrations of
holstein cows and value of colostrum as a mineral source for newborn
calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 76(6):1654-60. Concentrations of minerals, including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese, were highest immediately after birth and stabilized after third lactation.
PubMed Reference
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Le Dividich J, Herpin P, Paul E, Strullu F.
(1997) Effect of fat content of colostrum on voluntary colostrum
intake and fat utilization in newborn pigs. Journal of Animal
Science. 75:707-713. Voluntary intake of colostrum in newborn pigs did show any correlation to fat content of the colostrum.
PubMed Reference
PMID:9078487
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Li-Chan E, Kummer A, Losso J, Kitts D, Nakai S.
(1995) Stability of bovine immunoglobulins to thermal treatment and
processing. Food Research International. 28: 9-16. Pasteurization retained 59-76% of IgG content compared to raw milk, while canned evaporated milk and ultra-high temperature sterilized milk showed very little IgG activity.
Löser C. Polyamines in human and animal milk. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl 1):S55-8 (2000). Polyamines, including spermidine, spermine and putrescine, are highly regulated polycations involved in cell growth and differentiation. They play an important role in the maturation of the newborn’s intestine. They are present in all mammalian milk and colostrum.
PubMed Reference
PMID:11242447
McConnell MA, Brooks HJL, Borissenko MB, Buchan
GA. A comparative study of immunoglobulin levels and anti-inflammatory
activity in four milk products. Journal of Dairy Science,
Publication forthcoming.
Schlimme E, Martin D, Meisel H. (2000) Nucleosides and nucleotides: natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl 1):S59-S68. Nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleobases are all present in colostrum and milk. They act as regulators in the body. Nucleotides affect immune responses in infants. Nucleotides and nucleosides contribute to iron absorption in the gut and influence saturation and elongation rates in fatty acid synthesis. Ribonucleosides modulate cell proliferation and apoptosis (cell death).
PubMed Reference
PMID:11242448
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Tyshenko MG. (2007) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the safety of milk from Canadian dairy cattle. The Veterinary Record 160(7):215-8. The risk of contracting new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through the consumption of milk is negligible.
PubMed Reference
PMID:17308017
Vetrugno V. (2004) Safety of milk and milk derivatives in relation to BSE: the lactoferrin example. Biometals 17(3):353-6. Milk, colostrum and tissues of the bovine mammary gland are classified in the category of no detectable infectivity by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products of the European Commission and WHO. Milk and milk derivatives, such as lactoferrin and lactose, are unlikely to present any risk of infection with BSE or any other transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
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Wit JN. (1998) Nutritional and functional
characteristics of whey proteins in food products. Journal of Dairy
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PubMed Reference
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Warny M, Fatima A, Bostwick E, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. (1998)
Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-Clostridium difficile retains C.
difficile toxin neutralizing activity after passage through the human
stomach and small intestine. Gut. 44(2):212-7. IgG from bovine colostrum with C. difficile toxin neutralizing activity maintains this activity as it passes through the digestive tract, indicating that it resists digestion.
PubMed Reference
PMID:9895380
Yamamoto A, Wada O, Suzuki H. (1987)
Purification and properties of biologically active chromium complex
from bovine colostrum. American Institute of Nutrition. 118(1):39-45. Bovine colostrum has a chromium-binding substance in it similar in nature to that found in mammalian liver.
PubMed Reference
PMID:3275760
Zhang T, Iguchi K, Mochizzuki T, Hoshino M,
Yanaihara C, Yanaihara N. (1990) Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone-associated peptide (GAP) immunoreactivity in bovine colostrum. Society
for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 194(3):270-3. GAP is present in colostrum, indicating that Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is synthesized and processed in mammary tissue.
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Ballard F, Wallace J, Francis G, Read L, Tomas
F. (1996) Des (1-3) IGF-1: a truncated form of insulin-like growth
factor-1. International Journal of Cellular Biology.
28:1085-1087. Des (1-3) IGF-1 is a truncated form of IGF that is 10 times more potent than IGF-1 in stimulating hypertrophy and proliferation of cells in vitro. It is present in bovine colostrum.
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Bhora F, Dunkin, B, Batzri S, Aly HM, Bass BL, Sidawy AN, Harmon JW. (1995)
Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation and epithelialization
in human skin. Journal of Surgery Res. 59:236-244. Fibroblast growth factor, IGF-1 and epithelial growth factor are all important mitogens for wound healing in the skin. All are found in bovine colostrum
PubMed Reference
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Bricker D. (1991) Colostrum: Implications for
accelerated recovery in damaged muscle and cartilage, prevention of
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Fiorotto M, Reeds P. (1997) Colostrum enhances the nutritional
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Society for Nutritional Sciences. 127(7):1284-9. Protein synthesis was higher in colostrum-fed pigs than in those which did not receive colostrum.
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Cass TL. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1,
Somatomedin C) blood levels are not associated with prostate specific
antigen (PSA) levels or prostate cancer: A study of 749 patients. Medical
College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
Donovan SM, Hartke JL, Monaco MH, Wheeler MB. (2004) Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Piglet Intestinal Development. Journal of Dairy Science 87(E Suppl.):E46-54. Piglets suckling from IGF-1 transgenic sows (i.e. sows that have been transgenically altered to overexpress IGF-1 in their milk) showed increased villus growth and disaccharidase activity, indicating improved intestinal health.
Francis GL, Read LC, Ballard FJ, Bagley CJ, Upton FM, Gravestock PM, Wallace JC. (1986)
Purification and partial sequence analysis of insulin-like growth
factor-1 from bovine colostrum. Journal of Biochemistry
233:207-213. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is purified and identified by sequence analyais from bovine colostrum.
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Francis GL, Upton FM, Ballard FJ, McNeil KA, Wallace
JC. (1988) Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 in bovine colostrum. Journal
of Biochemistry. 251(1):95-103. Both IGF-1 and IGF-2 as well as a truncated, more potent form of IGF-1 were found in bovine colostrum. IGF is a mitogen that controls replication and repair of DNA and RNA in order to stimulate tissue growth.
PubMed Reference
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Fryburg D. (1995) Insulin and insulin-like
growth factor 1 enhance human skeletal muscle protein anabolism during hyperamino-acidemia by different mechanisms.
Journal of
Clinical Investigations 96(4):1722-29. Insulin inhibits the breakdown of protein in muscle, thereby increasing protein anabolism (the creation of new protein by combining the constituent parts through the use of energy). IGF-1, on the other hand, promotes muscle anabolism by stimulating protein synthesis. Even in the case of hyperaminoacid-emia (an abundance of available amino acids), insulin continues to promote muscle protein balance solely by inhibiting the digestion of muscle, which IGF-1 combined with hyperaminoacidemia enhances protein synthesis more than either one alone.
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Ginjala V, Pakkanen R. (1998) Determination of
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1 (IGF-1) in bovine colostrum samples. Journal of Immunoassay
19(2-3):195-207. The principal growth factors in bovine colostrum are transforming growth factors beta-1 and beta 2 and insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2. Both TGF-B1 and IGF-1 were identified in the first postpartum milking.
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Juskevich J. (1990) Bovine Growth Hormone: Human
Food Safety Evaluation. Science. 249(4971):875-83. Bovine Growth Hormone (bGH) is not active in humans. Its use in dairy cows increases the amount of IGF-1 in colostrum and milk, but the levels seen with bGH use do not exceed the range of levels of IGF-1 in human milk. Biologically signficant levels of IGF-1 are not absorbed from cow's milk.
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Khansari DN, Gustad T. (1991) Effects of long-term, low-dose growth hormone therapy on immune function and life expectancy of mice. Mechanics of Aging and Development 57(1):87-100. Low-dose, prolonged growth hormone therapy significantly extended the life span of mice compared to controls.
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Marcotty C, Frankenne F, Van Beeumen J,
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Murphy MS. (1998) Growth factors and the gastrointestinal tract. Nutrition 14(10):771-774. Various growth factors are produced in the gut, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), amphiregulin, betacellulin, heparin-binding EGF-like peptide. They are also present in colostrum and milk. EGF promotes repair of the mucosal lining of the gut. TGF-α plays a role in mucosal healing. TGF-β, on the other hand, inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell differentiation.
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Oda S, Satoh H, Sugawara T, Matsunaga N, Kuhara T, Katoh K, Shoji Y, Nihei A, Ohta M, Sasaki Y. (1989)
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in bovine colostrum and in plasma of dairy cows and neonatal calves
around parturition. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, Comparative Physiology 94(4):805-8. Levels of IGF-1 in colostrum collected from cows on days 1 and 2 postpartum were higher than levels in blood plasma from the cows, while levels of insulin, growth hormone and glucagon were much lower than in cow plasma.
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Oz HS, Ray M, Chen TS, McClain CJ. (2004) Efficacy of a transforming growth factor beta 2 containing nutritional support formula in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23(3):220-6. Mice with an experimentally-induced inflammatory bowel disease fed a diet rich in transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-ß2) gained more weight, did not develop diarrhea or prolapse, had lower pathological scores and lower serum amyloid (SAA). This study supports the use of TGF-ß2 diets in the treatment of Crohn’s disease.
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Pakkanen R. (1998) Determination of transforming
growth factor-ß2 (TGF-ß2) in bovine colostrum samples. Journal of
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Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, Gergans GA, Lalitha PY, Goldberg AF, Schlenker RA, Cohn L, Rudman IW, Mattson DE. (1990) Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. New England Journal of Medicine 323(1):1-6. Growth hormone levels decline with age. This may contribute to to the decrease in lean body mass and increase in fat mass that also occur with aging. Levels of IGF-1 were measured in elderly men both with growth hormone supplementation and without. Results confirmed that growth hormone levels correlated with lean body and fat mass.
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factor-I prevents apoptosis in sympathetic neurons exposed to high
glucose. Hormone and Metababolic Research 31(2-3):90-96. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is a major cause of morbidity and death. IGF-1 protects sympathetic neurons from death in conditions of high glucose levels, suggesting a possible etiology of the condition as well as a possible therapy for it.
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Sara VR, Hall K. (1990) Insulin-like growth
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RA. (1986) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors and
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Shing Y, Klagsbrun M. (1987) Purification and
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Shomali M, Wolfsthal S. (1997) The use of anti-aging hormones. Maryland Medical Journal 46(4):181-6. While the use of anti-aging hormones, such as melatonin, growth hormone, testosterone and DHEA, has become very popular, the benfits of doing so are based on animals studies and weak associations for the most part. There is insufficient evidence to recommend these as anti-aging remedies, and there are potential risks from their use.
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Skottner A, Arrhenius-Nyberg V, Kanje M,
Fryklund L. (1990) Anabolic and tissue repair functions of recombinant
insulin-like growth factor I. Acta Pediatrica Scandinavica 367:63-6. Recombinant IGF-1 (rIGF-1) caused significant weight gain and bone growth when given to mutant dwarf rats. Using rIGF-1 locally on hypophysectomized rats showed that IGF-1 could have a significant effecton the regeneration of peripheral nerves.
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Sporn MB, Roberts AB, Shull JH, Smith JM, Ward JM, Sodek J. (1983) Polypetide transforming growth factors isolated from bovine sources and used for wound healing in vivo. Science. 219(4590):1329-31. Bovine transforming growth factors (which are found in bovine colostrum) accelerated the accumulation of total protein, collagen and DNA in experimental wound healing chambers placed subcutaneously in the backs of rats.
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Tavakkol A, Elder JT, Griffiths CE, Cooper KD, Talwar H, Fisher GJ, Keane KM, Foltin SK, Voorhees JJ. (1992) Expression of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor mRNA and proteins in human skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 99(3):343-349. Receptors for growth hormone and IGF-1 were isolated from human skin, indicating that growth hormone and growth factors may influence skin growth directly.
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Tokuyama H, Tokuyama Y, Migita S. (1990) Isolation of two new proteins from bovine colostrum which stimulates
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Tokuyama Y. (1993) Purification and
identification of TGF-beta 2-related growth factor from bovine colostrum. Journal
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development. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264(23):13810-7. IGF-1, IGF-2, the IGF-1 receptor and IGF binding protein act together to stimulate muscle cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Tomas FM, Knowles SE, Owens PC, Read LC, Chandler CS, Gargosky SE, Ballard FJ. (1991)
Increased weight gain, nitrogen retention and muscle protein synthesis
following treatment of diabetic rats with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I
and des(1-3)IGF-I. Biochemistry Journal 276(Pt 2):547-54. IGF-1 and its truncated form, des (1-3) IGF-1, stimulate muscle protein synthesis and improve nitrogen balance in diabetes without influencing the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism.
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Ullman M, Ullman A, Sommerland H, Skottner A,
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IGF-I concentration in old rats. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
140(4):521-525. Growth hormone given to aged rats increased levels of IGF-1 to that of young rats but did not reverse the impairment of muscle regeneration, as this is most likely a result of the formation of large amounts of connective tissue which impair growth.
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Watson DL, Francis GL, Ballard FJ. (1992)
Factors in ruminant colostrum that influence cell growth and murine
IgE antibody responses. Journal of Dairy Research 59(3):369-80. An extract of bovine colostrum was found to stimulate the growth of rat muscle cells, mouse fibroblasts, and hamster kidney cells better than fetal bovine serum. Bovine colostrum also suppressed IgE antibody responses, which are important in allergies.
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Armogida, SA, Yannaras, NM, Melton, AL, Srivastava, MD. (2004) Identification and quantification of innate immune system mediators in human breast milk. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 25(5):297-304. Mediators of the innate immune system were determined in human colostrum. Human neutrophil-derived a-defensin 1 (HNP-1) and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) were present in high amounts, human alpha-defensin 6 (HD-6) was present in moderate amounts, and HD-5 and HBD-1 were present in the lowest concentrations. HNP-1, HD-5 and HD-6 were present in significantly higher amounts in colostrum than in mature milk. It is believed that the innate immune system provides protection for both maternal breast tissue and the developing digestive system of newborns.
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Bishop GA, Haxhinasto SA, Stunz LL, Hostager BS. (2003) Antigen-specific B-lymphocyte activation. Critical Reviews in Immunology 23(3):159-197. B cells have the exclusive ability to produce and secrete immunoglobulins of various types. They also function in antigen presentation and the production of a number of cytokines and chemokines.
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Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman PM, Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood CA, Karmali MA. (1998) Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobactor mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 177(4):955-961. H. pylori causes gastric and duodenal ulcers in humans, and H. muselae is a gastric pathogen in ferrets. Both bind to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a phospholipid component of cell membranes in gastric mucosal cells. Bovine colostrum blocks attachment of the pathogens to PE. Colostral PE or PE derivatives also bind to the pathogens, inhibiting their ability to bind to target cells.
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Bocci V, Von Bremen K,
Corradeschi F, Luzzi E, Paulesu L. (1991) What is the role of
cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biological Regulators and
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Boesman-Finkelsein M, Walton NE, Finkelstein RA.
(1989) Bovine lactogenic immunity against cholera toxin-related
enterotoxins and Vibrio cholerae outer membranes. Infection
and Immunity 57(4):1227-34. Bovine colostrum provided immunity against cholera toxins and V. cholerae outer membranes. The immunoglobulin provided significant protection against diarrhea in baby rabbits which had been challenged intraintestinally with virulent cholera vibrios.
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Boesman-Finkelstein M. and Finkelstein R. (1989)
Passive oral immunisation of children. Lancet 2(8675):1336. Passive immunization children against rotavirus (main cause of diarrhea in young children) using immunoglobin from bovine colostrum.
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Bogstedt AK, Johansen K, Hatta H, Kim M, Casswall T, Svensson L, Hammarstrom L. (1996)
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Casswall TH, Sarker SA, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M, Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L. (1998)
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in infants in rural
Bangladesh with oral immunoglobulins from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12(6):563-8. Bangladeshi children infected with H. pylori (a principal cause of ulcers and gastrointestinal disease in children) were given immunoglobulins from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. None became negative for H. pylori, probably because infection is very common in high endemic areas, so reinfection prevents proper evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment.
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Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Di Renzo A, Dugall M, Cacchio M, Ruffini I, Pellegrini L, Del Boccio G, Fano F, Ledda A, Bottari A, Ricci A, Stuard S, Vinciguerra G. (2007) Prevention of influenza episodes with colostrum compared with vaccination in healthy and high-risk cardiovascular subjects: the epidemiologic study in San Valentino. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 13(2):13-6. Two month supplementation with oral colostrum was compared to anti-influenza vaccination in the prevention of flu. Colostrum was at least three times more effective than vaccination in preventing flu.
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Chan MC, Cheung CY, Chui WH, Tsao SW, Nicholls JM, Chan YO, Chan RW, Long HT, Poon LL, Guan Y, Peiris JS. (2006) Proinflammatory cytokine responses induced by influenza A (H5N1) viruses in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells. Respiratory Research 6:135. H5N1 influenza A viruses are much more potent inducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IP-10, RANTES, interferon-beta, and IL-6 in human alvelolar and bronchial epithelial cells. This hyper-induction of inflammatory cytokines is the most dangerous and lethal action of H5N1.
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Collins AM, Roberton DM, Hosking CS, Flannery GR. (1991) Bovine milk, including pasteurised milk, contains antibodies directed against allergens of clinical importance to man. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 96(4):362-7. Pasteurised and raw bovine milk and bovine colostrum samples were assayed by enzyme-linked immunoassay for the presence of antibodies directed against a selection of allergens of importance in human atopic disease. Samples were tested for the presence of antibodies directed against or cross-reacting with ryegrass pollen, house dust mites, Aspergillus mould and wheat proteins. Antibodies of each specificity were detected in every sample tested.
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Davidson GP, Whyte PB, Daniels E, Franklin K, Nunan H, McCloud PI, Moore AG, Moore DJ. (1989)
Passive immunisation of children with bovine colostrum containing
antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet 2(8665):709-12. Children given colostral immunoglobulin against rotavirus were protected from infection during a hospital visit, while those in the control group had a high incidence of infection.
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Ebina T, Sato A, Umezu K, Ishida N, Ohyama S, Ohizumi A, Aikawa K, Katagiri S, Katsushima N, Imai A. (1983)
Prevention of rotavirus infection by cow colostrum containing antibody
against human rotavirus. Lancet. 2(8357):1029-30. Immunoglobulin from cows hyperimmunized against rotavirus showed good protective effects on infants exposed to rotavirus. 6 of 7 infants who received milk only came down with rotavirus-induced diarrhea, while only 1 of 6 who received the immunoglobulin did.
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Eggena MP, Barugahare B, Jones N, Okello M, Mutalya S, Kityo C, Mugyenyi P, Cao H. (2005) Depletion of regulatory T cells in HIV infection is associated with immune activation. Journal of Immunology 174(7):4407-4414. Immune activation during chronic HIV infection is a strong clinical predictor of death and may mediate helper CD4+ T cell depletion. Regulatory T cells actively down-regulate immune responses. In a study using 81 Ugandan volunteers, it was found that depletion of regulatory T cells occurs at different rates than other CD4+ T cells, resulting in an increased regulator to helper ratio in many patients with advanced disease. This skewing may contribute to T cell effector dysfunction.
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Feldmann M, Brennan F, Maini R. (1996) Role of
cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annual Review of Immunology 14:397-440. This study confirmed that TNF-α is the major controlling factor in the inflammatory response seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore the ability of colostrum to modulate the activity of TNF-α may be the way in which colostrum is of benefit to those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (and other types of arthritis as well).
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Feldmann M, Maini RN. (1999) The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 38(suppl.2):3-7. The down-regulation of TNF-alpha, the cytokine that controls the inflammatory cascade of cytokines, has proven a useful therapeutic target in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Hanson LA, Ahlstedt S, Andersson B, Carlsson B, Cole MF, Cruz JR, Dahlgren U, Ericsson TH, Jalil F, Khan SR, Mellander L, Schneerson R, Eden CS, Soderstrom T, Wadsworth C.
(1983) Mucosal Immunity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
409:1-21. Many factors come into play in providing defense against pathogens on the mucosal membranes of the body. These include secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and oligosaccharides (which prevent attachment of pathogens to mucosal lining cells) all play a role. All are found in colostrum.
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Hazenburg MP, Klasen IS, Kool J, Ruseler-van Embden JG, Severijnen AJ. (1992) Are intestinal bacteria involved in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis? AMPIS, 100(1):1-9. The fact that there is a connection between bowel-related joint inflammation and bacteria give support to this hypothesis. Tests with cell wall fragments from intestinal bacteria were found to produce joint inflammation in animal models. Given that the human intestinal tract contains large amounts of these bacteria, it is reasonable to deduce that bacterial cell wall fragments may play a role in human arthritis of unknown etiology.
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Hilpert H, Brussow H, Mietens C, Sidoti J,
Lerner L, Werchau H. (1987) Use of bovine milk concentrate containing
antibody to rotavirus to treat rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. Journal
of Infectious Diseases 156(1):158-66. Infants hospitalized with rotavirus gastroenteritis that were given IgG from hyperimmunized cows showed a significant reduction in the duration of excretion of the virus compared to controls.
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Huppertz H, Rutkowski S, Busch D, Eisebit R,
Lissner R, Karch H. (1999) Bovine colostrum ameliorates diarrhea in
infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, shiga toxin producing
E. coli, and E-coli expressing intimin and hemolysin. Journal of
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 29(4):452-6. Pooled colostrum was given to infants infected with diarrheagenic E. coli, shiga toxin producing E. coli, or enterohemorrhagic E.coli expressing intimin and hemolysin experienced diminished frequency of loose stools compared to placebo. The colostrum was well tolerated.
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Jochims K, Kaup FJ, Drommer W, Pickel M. (1994)
An immunoelectron microscopic investigation of colostral IgG
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Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, Vavva F, Castagliuolo I, Bostwick EF, O'Keane JC, Keates S, LaMont JT. (1996) Anti-Clostridium
difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate inhibits cytotoxicity and
enterotixicity of C. difficile toxins. Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy 40(2):373-9. Immunoglobulin from hyperimmunized cows neutralizes the toxins from C. difficile, thus making it useful in prevention and treatment of C.difficile diarrhea.
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Khazenson L, Gennad'eva T, Roshchin V,
Krasheniuk A, Semenova N. (1980) Activity of bovine colostral IgG in
the human digestive tract. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, i Immunobiologii
9:101-6. The biological activity of bovine IgG from colostrum from cows hyperimmunized against Shigella sonnei was measured as it passed through the intestinal tracts of adults. Although the concentration of intact IgG decreased as it passed through the tract, anti-Shigella activity remained high, indicating that the digestion of the intact IgG produced biologically active fragments.
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Kohl S, Malloy, M, Pickering L, Morriss F,
Adcock E, Walters D. (1978) Human colostral cytotoxicity: I.
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against herpes simplex
viral-infected cells mediated by colostral cells. Journal of
Clinical Laboratory Immunology. 1(3):221-4. Cells from colostrum in combination with antibody were able to kell Herpes simplex virus-infected cells. Cells without the antibody had very low cytotoxicity.
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Korhonen H, Suvaoja EL, Ahola-Luttilia H, Sivela S, Kopola S, Husu J, Kosunen TU.
(1995) Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum,
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Bacteriology 78(6):655-62. Both serum and colostrum but not milk from cows was found to be highly bactericidal against H. pylori.
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LeFranc-Millot C, Vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J.-M,
Lepretre A, Peltre G, Dhulster P, Guillochon D. (1996) Comparison of the IgE titers to bovine colostral G
immunoglobulins and the F(ab')2 fragments in sera of
patients allergic to milk. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
110(2):156-62. IgE titers against colostral IgG were significantly higher in 36% of those suffering from milk allergy, while the digested fragments of IgG showed significantly less immunoreactivity while maintaining immunoreactivity.
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Lissner R, Thurmann P, Merz G, Karch, H. (1998)
Antibody reactivity and fecal recovery of bovine immunoglobulins
following oral administration of a colostrum concentrate from cows to
healthy volunteers. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
and Therapeutics 36(5):239-45. Pooled colostrum exhibited reactivity against proteins from Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter jejuni, both powerful pathogens which cause gastrointestinal diseases.
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Loimaranta V, Carlen A, Olsson J, Tenovuo J,
Syvaoja E.-L, Korhonen H. (1998) Concentrated bovine colostral whey
proteins from Streptococcus mutans/Strep. sobrinus immunized cows
inhibit the adherence of Strep. mutans and promote the aggregation of
mutans streptococci. Journal of Dairy Research 65(4):599-607. Colostral whey proteins from cows immunized against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were tested to determine their effect on adherence and aggregation of these two bacteria which cause dental cavities. The whey from cows immunized against the bacteria significantly inhibited adherence and increased aggregation compared to whey from non-immunized cows.
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Michalek SM, McGhee JR. (1977) Effective
immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to
Streptococcus mutans elicits protection. Infection and Immunity
17(3):644-50. IgG derived from colostrum, milk and blood serum of rats immunized against Streptococcus mutans (which cause dental cavities) effectively immunized the offspring of these rats against the bacteria. Fewer cavities were found in the offspring than in non-immunized rats.
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Mickelson KN, Moriarty KM. Immunoglobulin levels in human colostrum and milk. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1(3):381-4 (1982). Levels of sIgA, IgG and IgM were determined in human colostrum and milk. A mean concentration of 32 g/L was found for sIgA (1.5-83.7 g/L), 1.13 g/L for IgM and 0.53 g/L for IgG. While total amounts declined with time postpartum, relative proportions remained the same.
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Milgrom H. (2002) Attainments in atopy: special aspects of allergy and IgE. Advances in Pediatrics 49:273-297. Allergy is characterized by elevated levels of specific IgE in the blood, called “atopy”. Therapy with anti-IgE has shown promise in inhibiting early- and late-phase allergic reactions and asthma. [Colostrum contains both IgE and IgE-blockers.]
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Mitra AK, Mahalanabis D, Ashraf H, Unicomb L,
Eeckels R, Tzipori S. (1995) Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces
diarrhoea due to rotavirus: a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatrica 84(9):996-1001. Colostrum from cows immunized against four strains of rotavirus (the leading cause of diarrhea in infants) was given to infants aged 6-24 months who were infected with the virus. Those receiving the colostrum experienced a 29% reduction in the duration of the diarrhea compared to the control group, and diarrhea stopped in 50% of them whereas all of the control group continued to experience diarrhea.
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Mohan P, Haque K. (2003) Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database System Review 3:CD003740. Rotavirus is the most common neonatal virus infection, causing severe diarrhea, and is potentially lethal to low birth weight infants. Boosting mucosal immunity with orally administered immunoglobulin from colostrum can help prevent infection. No adverse effects have been reported in trials.
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